Retrofitting

A tube-in-shell heat exchanger is the energy source of a domestic hot-water system at many commercial facilities. Steam is piped into the shell. It condenses on the tubes, and heat is transferred to the water […]

A conservative approach to the building energy analysis is to calculate the maximum load assuming all the heat-producing equipment is on, e.g., the lights and equipment; plus the occupancy is at its maximum. These data […]

Windows have the lowest insulation value of any element of the building envelope. They also permit radiant energy to enter a space, as opposed to the conduction that occurs through the walls and roof. Thermal […]

A vestibule is an elegant architectural feature of a building entrance that can also be a practical energy saver. The double set of doors reduces a portion of the building load attributed to the envelope: […]

It is not always economical to provide the highest-quality insulation in a building envelope. The insulation of a building should be guided by the following general principles: 1. The higher the heating and cooling degree-days, […]