Retrofitting

Most HVAC systems cool air to a space temperature of 75°F or thereabouts, with a temperature leaving the coils of 55°F. This has been the standard for many years, though now systems are being developed […]

Many older buildings were designed with dual-duct constant-volume HVAC systems. The air handler runs at a constant speed and delivers the same volume of air to every zone at all times. The temperature of the […]

With the advent of increased outside-air requirements to combat indoor- air quality problems — in some cases requiring 15 to 20 ft3/min per occupant — the volume of outside air introduced to many buildings will […]

The most common system of choice for central outside-air systems — those in which a large volume of fresh air is tempered at a central location, for distribution throughout a building — are desiccant-based enthalpy […]

A fourth of all electricity sold in the United States is used for lighting. Most of this lighting is used in stores, offices, warehouses, and factories. It is strange, then, that conserving energy with lighting […]